The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God
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- Author：Carl Sagan
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Summary
Carl Sagan's prophetic vision of the tragic resurgence of fundamentalism and the hope-filled potential of the next great development in human spirituality
The late great astronomer and astrophysicist describes his personal search to understand the nature of the sacred in the vastness of the cosmos。 Exhibiting a breadth of intellect nothing short of astounding， Sagan presents his views on a wide range of topics， including the likelihood of intelligent life on other planets， creationism and so-called intelligent design， and a new concept of science as "informed worship。" Originally presented at the centennial celebration of the famous Gifford Lectures in Scotland in 1985 but never published， this book offers a unique encounter with one of the most remarkable minds of the twentieth century。
The late great astronomer and astrophysicist describes his personal search to understand the nature of the sacred in the vastness of the cosmos。 Exhibiting a breadth of intellect nothing short of astounding， Sagan presents his views on a wide range of topics， including the likelihood of intelligent life on other planets， creationism and so-called intelligent design， and a new concept of science as "informed worship。" Originally presented at the centennial celebration of the famous Gifford Lectures in Scotland in 1985 but never published， this book offers a unique encounter with one of the most remarkable minds of the twentieth century。
Reviews
Ravindu Rashmin
，
One of the best Carl Sagan books I've ever read。 One of the best Carl Sagan books I've ever read。 。。。more
Miguel Lozano
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Carl Sagan is one of my heroes - his teachings and tenderness helped me through a difficult time， I didn´t know what science was， even though I am a medical practitioner， its methodology somehow lingered outside my knowledge。 The first book I read on the subject was his "Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark"， and it is exactly that: enlightening。 Since then I´ve read much more about science and philosophy。 Schopenhauer once said that writers only really write one book- so they es Carl Sagan is one of my heroes - his teachings and tenderness helped me through a difficult time， I didn´t know what science was， even though I am a medical practitioner， its methodology somehow lingered outside my knowledge。 The first book I read on the subject was his "Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark"， and it is exactly that: enlightening。 Since then I´ve read much more about science and philosophy。 Schopenhauer once said that writers only really write one book- so they essentially have one integral message which is scattered throughout various texts and various ideas。 This is my sixth Sagan book so I can see what he meant; this book was not intended to be， it is a posthumous recollection of the Gifford Lectures on Natural Theology given in 1985 at the University of Glasgow。 More than a collection of essays， this book is more of an introduction of Carl Sagan´s thoughts， interests， concerns， and philosophy-for that I appreciate， but it felt a bit repetitive since it echoes from all the books he wrote。 Despite that， Sagan has a multidisciplinary way of looking at things， his intellectual reach is broad， so the analysis is not always the same; I´ve changed too （that´s a primordial element on interpretation） so， naturally， I also took something different out of it。Therefore， if someone wants to know Sagan´s thought， I´d rather recommend his other books: Demon-Haunted World， Cosmos， Dragons of Eden， and his novel Contact - which I loved。 。。。more
Hüsna Oktay
，
Really good book on an atheistic perspective on god and religion。 I think that especially people who are religious should read this to understand better what they believe has no actual proof。 Sagan has a really gentle and thoughtful tone so that i don’t think it is possible for this book to offend anyone。 However if you are already an atheist you don’t really need to read this book because it is the simple explanation of what you think， you already know about everything that is discussed in it a Really good book on an atheistic perspective on god and religion。 I think that especially people who are religious should read this to understand better what they believe has no actual proof。 Sagan has a really gentle and thoughtful tone so that i don’t think it is possible for this book to offend anyone。 However if you are already an atheist you don’t really need to read this book because it is the simple explanation of what you think， you already know about everything that is discussed in it and it’s not intellectually fulfilling。 。。。more
Dan Moses
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Carl Sagan has a way of taking grand ideas like space， time， and the existence of life and making them approachable。 These lectures still feel relevant in spite of ongoing advances in science。 Sagan is very much a philosopher-scientist in this book。 His views of God and religion are based on what can be understood via the scientific method。 He has a curiosity and a passion for understanding the universe （and a desire for the ongoing existence of humanity） that is hopeful and inspiring。
Ross Kent
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Thoroughly enjoyed from start to finish。 I very rarely read books more than once but this is one that I certainly will and I’m already looking forward to it。
Genevieve
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In my spiritual journey right now， I’ve been given the gift of a certain person cautioning me on making an assumption that Christian apologists use the same case-making as scientists。 Point taken。 This book does a great job illustrating that。 It’s a lecture series Sagan did - the topic being natural theology。 So he brought science to talk about God。 My take aways:~There is never going to be proof for the existence of God， only arguments。 （Many different definitions for God， by the way。）~In order In my spiritual journey right now， I’ve been given the gift of a certain person cautioning me on making an assumption that Christian apologists use the same case-making as scientists。 Point taken。 This book does a great job illustrating that。 It’s a lecture series Sagan did - the topic being natural theology。 So he brought science to talk about God。 My take aways:~There is never going to be proof for the existence of God， only arguments。 （Many different definitions for God， by the way。）~In order to prove the immaterial， one needs to provide material proof。 ~Christians and the other believers have been overcome by their emotions in order to believe something so faulty。 ~Christians should not be put in positions of power within the government since they believe in the end of the world。 They might not try to stop the destruction of our planet by nuclear war， believing that they are helping bring about the second coming of Christ。 （The implication that they shouldn’t be put in power was there。 He didn’t flat out say it。）~There is no dialogue between belief in religion and atheists。 Each side comes from a completely different foundation。I understand where Sagan is coming from - his foundation。 He’s clear thinking and logical。 His worldview makes sense。 And， I disagree。 I have no proof。 I have only experience。 Thanks to this and other atheistic readings， I will surrender to the notion that one is either wired to “believe” or wired for “disbelief”。 I just take offense that now that I know I’m wired for belief， that I am labeled inferior by atheists。 I’m infantile and ruled by emotions and passions。 I’m not as evolved because I need something to fill in the gaps。 I don’t have enough…what？ Faith in science？My observations and experience tell me that the material world isn’t enough to explain the world or make sense of it。 Our secular society based on materialism hasn’t offered me anything of value for a contented life， let alone a happy one。 I see that as the reason for science。 Practicality。 Longer life span， greater quality of life。As much as Sagan talked about religion being used to overpower and control humanity， he failed to see that it continues。 Clergyman replaced by our politicians， college educated professionals writing books and lecturing， self help authors， talk show hosts， celebrities…all pushing materialism。 Our new religion。 Our new way of making sense of the world。 I do affirm we are matter and I have no argument or evidence that we are also spiritual that would please Sagan。 No idea what we could look for to prove it…he did say if he saw a psychic dragon， he’d be happy。 Anyway， science isn’t enough for me。 And， I would argue it isn’t enough for humanity either as evidenced by the rise in suicide， drug use， increase in mental health issues and general poor health。 We know so much more about how to properly care for our bodies and we don’t。 There’s a hunger that isn’t being satisfied。 。。。more
Steve
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Beautifully written talks given in the 80s about the relationship between science and religion。 It was easy to hear Sagan’s voice while reading。 A great scientist and a great human being。 Shows how one can be skeptical and respectful at the same time。
Elis Olsson
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Carl Sagan finds evidence of the God described by Spinoza and Einstein， but little evidence of an old man with a long white beard counting the fall of sparrows。
Michael Burkhardt
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Dr Sagan's Gifford Lectures on Natural Theology， 1985。 Middle Chapters （Extraterrestrial Folklore， The God Hypothesis， and The Religious Experience） were the best。 Dr Sagan's Gifford Lectures on Natural Theology， 1985。 Middle Chapters （Extraterrestrial Folklore， The God Hypothesis， and The Religious Experience） were the best。 。。。more
Roberto Mendoza
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If you really want to become spiritual， read this book。 It's very thoughtful and it made me think about the almost impossible possibility of intelligent life taking place。。。 Is it a matter of chance？ Was it through divine intervention？ Is God a God of humans？ Shouldn't he b the God of creation and the universe？ Isn't a church small compared to the greatness of the vast universe？ If you want to get spiritual， just look up ahead and wonder！ If you really want to become spiritual， read this book。 It's very thoughtful and it made me think about the almost impossible possibility of intelligent life taking place。。。 Is it a matter of chance？ Was it through divine intervention？ Is God a God of humans？ Shouldn't he b the God of creation and the universe？ Isn't a church small compared to the greatness of the vast universe？ If you want to get spiritual， just look up ahead and wonder！ 。。。more
Sumarie
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This is the book that people of all Faiths should read。
Eri Imayani
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As always， Carl Sagan！
Michael Fernandez
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The legacy and beautiful mind of Carl Sagan on paper。
Talal
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Brilliant as usual and smooth as butter， the author discusses the ground between religion and science that seems to be gray from a distance。 He is able to succinctly and beautifully explain why the line between the two is clearer that one might think。 He explains how he thinks religion should evolve from here， after many centuries of important， worldview changing discoveries via the scientific method。 There is something lucid and dreamy about how the author speaks/writes。 He takes a seemingly di Brilliant as usual and smooth as butter， the author discusses the ground between religion and science that seems to be gray from a distance。 He is able to succinctly and beautifully explain why the line between the two is clearer that one might think。 He explains how he thinks religion should evolve from here， after many centuries of important， worldview changing discoveries via the scientific method。 There is something lucid and dreamy about how the author speaks/writes。 He takes a seemingly difficult subject and breaks it down in a charming， open-minded manner。 。。。more
Roberto
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Gosto muito dos livros do Carl Sagan， tenho sempre a sensação de estar conversando diretamente com ele， apesar de ser um livro que foi escrito pela Ann Druyan sua esposa， transcrevendo suas palestras， mesmo assim eu tive uma saudosa nostalgia pela simples lembrança dos outros livros dele。 Aprendi por meio destes livros que o pensamento crítico deve ser a regra para a vida e não a exceção como é a ensinando pelo status quo。
Greg
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I've read a number of Carl Sagan's books and have found that his response to religious beliefs are usually passive and secondary to the science。 In The Varieties of Scientific Experience， Sagan takes a direct approach to the discussion by weaving history， our current knowledge of the universe， and logical arguments into the claims and beliefs of modern religions。Being transcripts of lectures he gave at the Gifford Lectures in 1985， the writing here is not as eloquent as what we've come to expect I've read a number of Carl Sagan's books and have found that his response to religious beliefs are usually passive and secondary to the science。 In The Varieties of Scientific Experience， Sagan takes a direct approach to the discussion by weaving history， our current knowledge of the universe， and logical arguments into the claims and beliefs of modern religions。Being transcripts of lectures he gave at the Gifford Lectures in 1985， the writing here is not as eloquent as what we've come to expect from Sagan。 Even then， his passion for science and great thinking show through。 The arguments here are nothing new if you've read a good deal of Richard Dawkins or Sam Harris。 The difference is in his style of delivery。 Rather than the antagonistic tone of Dawkins and Harris， Sagan suggests conclusions based on the facts and logic。 Perhaps neither style will convince anyone that their religion is a sham， but I believe Sagan's is more likely to plant to seeds of doubt in otherwise rational minds。 。。。more
Isabel Rute
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Regressar às palavras de Carl Sagan é sempre um prazer。 Tenho a sorte de pertencer a uma geração que teve a oportunidade de assistir à serie Cosmos e ficar deslumbrada com o Universo e maravilhada com as inúmeras questões que este nos suscita。Este livro é um colecção das palestras que Carl Sagan deu， em 1985， na Escócia， as Palestras Gifford， onde foram abordadas diversas questões relacionadas com as ligações entre a Ciência e a Religião。 São abordados tópicos das mais variadas áreas， desde a Fi Regressar às palavras de Carl Sagan é sempre um prazer。 Tenho a sorte de pertencer a uma geração que teve a oportunidade de assistir à serie Cosmos e ficar deslumbrada com o Universo e maravilhada com as inúmeras questões que este nos suscita。Este livro é um colecção das palestras que Carl Sagan deu， em 1985， na Escócia， as Palestras Gifford， onde foram abordadas diversas questões relacionadas com as ligações entre a Ciência e a Religião。 São abordados tópicos das mais variadas áreas， desde a Filosofia， à Biologia， Química， Literatura， Psicologia， Física， Teologia， etc。， sempre com a clareza e paixão que caracterizam Carl Sagan。 。。。more
Ria
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Very thought provoking， but I did get left in the scientific-jargon dust more than once。 Still not made me an atheist， but I much preferred the sincere questioning approach Sagan adopted， compared with Dawkins' dismissive and patronising approach in The God Delusion。I wonder if the fact that this was based on a series of lectures rather than planned out to be a book made it a little harder to follow， each lecture/essay could have benefitted from a clear theme or topic， rather than the all-encomp Very thought provoking， but I did get left in the scientific-jargon dust more than once。 Still not made me an atheist， but I much preferred the sincere questioning approach Sagan adopted， compared with Dawkins' dismissive and patronising approach in The God Delusion。I wonder if the fact that this was based on a series of lectures rather than planned out to be a book made it a little harder to follow， each lecture/essay could have benefitted from a clear theme or topic， rather than the all-encompassing discussions we get。。。 But I also fully recognise that I am a layman and smarter people than me will have got a lot more from this （hi Persad！）。 。。。more
Judyta Szaciłło
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What an absolute delight this book is！ Having read his Contact and some excerpts from his writings in other authors' books， I already knew his must have been a great mind， but this book shows it in full: its broadness， its curiosity， and its kindness。 The book is a collection of nine lectures， all given in 1985 at the University of Glasgow in the series of the Gifford Lectures on Natural Theology。 To many hardcore materialists， 'natural theology' sounds kind of like a blasphemy， but clearly not What an absolute delight this book is！ Having read his Contact and some excerpts from his writings in other authors' books， I already knew his must have been a great mind， but this book shows it in full: its broadness， its curiosity， and its kindness。 The book is a collection of nine lectures， all given in 1985 at the University of Glasgow in the series of the Gifford Lectures on Natural Theology。 To many hardcore materialists， 'natural theology' sounds kind of like a blasphemy， but clearly not to Sagan， even though there is no doubt whatsoever that he was a strict materialist， too。 But his broad understanding of so many things outside his specialisation in astrophysics - his knowledge of history， human psychology， and human culture - as well as his evident kindness equipped him well to be able to accept that the inclusiveness of the scientific language is key to the promotion of scientific knowledge。 His attitude is very much different from the chaotic angry rants of Dawkins in The God Delusion which I found so awfully disappointing。Sagan's Gifford Lectures are a product of a broad but also excellently organised mind。 It is also a masterpiece of diplomacy。 In the whole book， nowhere on its nearly 300 pages there is a single openly hostile statement against any kind of religious superstition， not a single open denial of the existence of God - and yet he made himself perfectly clear about his materialism and the primacy of scientific method above all spiritual experience。 He does not deny humanity a higher purpose - he only says that it is not imposed from outside。 He does not deny the existence of God - he acknowledges that there are so many ways of understanding what God is， and that among them there is at least one that can be accepted by anyone。 After all， astrophysicists observe powers greater than us in their daily course of work。This is one of the books that have the potential to make one's life richer。 Don't hesitate to read it。 。。。more
Jvekks
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Carl Sagan makes a case that science can be a tool for humanity to understand ethics， morality， and deeper philosophical questions， like what is the meaning of life？ He presents stories from the realm of science， like evolution， like the big bang and contemporary theories in physics as a landscape to place humanity in the grand scheme of things。 It provide the truth of our existence， against the backdrop of religious myths and fables。 The book reads like a series of thoughts and conversations Ca Carl Sagan makes a case that science can be a tool for humanity to understand ethics， morality， and deeper philosophical questions， like what is the meaning of life？ He presents stories from the realm of science， like evolution， like the big bang and contemporary theories in physics as a landscape to place humanity in the grand scheme of things。 It provide the truth of our existence， against the backdrop of religious myths and fables。 The book reads like a series of thoughts and conversations Carl Sagan， and I don't think any of the arguments in this book is truly fruitful; they are surface level objections at best and so I wouldn't recommend it to anyone who prescribes to a scientific or religious world view， neither will really benefit from this book。 。。。more
Jason
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How could you not love a book on Carl Sagan's thoughts on life on other planets， God， culture（s）， and the nature of the universe？ An eye-opening book。 How could you not love a book on Carl Sagan's thoughts on life on other planets， God， culture（s）， and the nature of the universe？ An eye-opening book。 。。。more
Belem Garcigom
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Carl Sagan is a must read author for those with common sense。
SADIK BAYDERE
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As an admirer of Sagan， very much liked reading this magnificent book compiled by Ann Druyan from Sagan's transcribed talks on natural theology delivered in 1985 at the University of Glasgow as part of the Gifford Lectures。Like Einstein， Sagan had said that he believes in Spinoza's God which reveals itself in the lawful harmony of the nature， the world， indeed the universe， not in a God who concerns itself with the faith and the doings of human beings。 So do I。。。God is the energy we are made of， As an admirer of Sagan， very much liked reading this magnificent book compiled by Ann Druyan from Sagan's transcribed talks on natural theology delivered in 1985 at the University of Glasgow as part of the Gifford Lectures。Like Einstein， Sagan had said that he believes in Spinoza's God which reveals itself in the lawful harmony of the nature， the world， indeed the universe， not in a God who concerns itself with the faith and the doings of human beings。 So do I。。。God is the energy we are made of， like all in the universe。 God is that single particle of atom of quarks which started to create the ever expanding universe with the big bang。 As Einstein said， God is the total sum of all the laws of physics （and nature） which applies throughout the universe。 God is the science， the key to everything。。。 。。。more
Tan
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This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers。 To view it， click here。 The two star review is a reflection of me not quite understanding certain things / finding bits of it quite dry so I’m sure other， better informed readers will enjoy it more！！ My takeaway from the book is that there isn’t any credible evidence for the benevolent male God of the Abrahamic religions and in any case， the fact that so many people really want to believe in this kind of God means any evidence which might be put forward should be scrutinised closely。 CS also uses various scientific met The two star review is a reflection of me not quite understanding certain things / finding bits of it quite dry so I’m sure other， better informed readers will enjoy it more！！ My takeaway from the book is that there isn’t any credible evidence for the benevolent male God of the Abrahamic religions and in any case， the fact that so many people really want to believe in this kind of God means any evidence which might be put forward should be scrutinised closely。 CS also uses various scientific methods （eg Drakes equation） to conclude that there is at least a possibility of ETs， talks about the impact of organised religion on society and discusses the dangers on nuclear weapons。 So。。。quite a lot of different things。 I didn’t disagree with anything in the book but it covered a lot and rambled about a bit。 There was some interesting views in there but overall I don’t think this will be a memorable book， for me personally。 。。。more
Luka
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A very interestingly formatted overview of a series of Carl Sagan's lectures that explore the interaction of scientific and religious experience （and method of knowledge building each proposes）。 The book begins with our knowledge of the universe and life in the broadest sense。 From there it builds to explore how the process of gaining this knowledge was and is opposed to religious knowledge。At one point he notes that our history has been the process of the religious realm reducing， and the ratio A very interestingly formatted overview of a series of Carl Sagan's lectures that explore the interaction of scientific and religious experience （and method of knowledge building each proposes）。 The book begins with our knowledge of the universe and life in the broadest sense。 From there it builds to explore how the process of gaining this knowledge was and is opposed to religious knowledge。At one point he notes that our history has been the process of the religious realm reducing， and the rational knowledge realm expanding。 That was quite a bold statement to make at a natural theology faculty！His curiosity and open mind presented during the chapters didn't stop him from very direct cut-offs of some unfounded religious assumptions which you'll find in a form of a little dessert treat Q&A extracts after finishing the chapters。 。。。more
Medeiros
，
MARAVILHOSO， Carl Sagan se mantendo firme como um amor de pessoa e excelente divulgador científico， de fácil leitura e com imagens MT bonitas do cosmos， gostei mt
Igor Miranda
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Eu era bem jovem quando tive o primeiro contato com a obra de Carl Sagan。 Foi pelas mãos de meu irmão， que tanto influenciou o meu interesse pela música e pela ciência， que pude conhecer 'O Mundo Assombrado pelos Demônios'， o livro mais famoso do cientista americano。 Foi a partir desse ponto que comecei a me aprofundar na beleza da física e do universo pelas palavras daquele que se tornaria um de meus maiores ídolos。 Sagan， nesse processo， mudou a forma como eu pensava sobre a vida， sobre a reli Eu era bem jovem quando tive o primeiro contato com a obra de Carl Sagan。 Foi pelas mãos de meu irmão， que tanto influenciou o meu interesse pela música e pela ciência， que pude conhecer 'O Mundo Assombrado pelos Demônios'， o livro mais famoso do cientista americano。 Foi a partir desse ponto que comecei a me aprofundar na beleza da física e do universo pelas palavras daquele que se tornaria um de meus maiores ídolos。 Sagan， nesse processo， mudou a forma como eu pensava sobre a vida， sobre a religião， sobre o nosso papel no universo。 Ele me mostrou que a consciência de nosso tamanho diminuto diante do universo não nos diminui， não nos faz menores， não rebaixa a nossa humanidade， muito pelo contrário; saber que， apesar de nosso tamanho diminuto， tivemos a curiosidade e capacidade exploratória de enxergar e teorizar coisas tão distantes de nós acaba por nos engrandecer enormemente。Nessa obra， a temática não poderia ser diferente。 'The Varieties of Scientific Experience' é um compilado das aulas de Sagan na famosa convenção Gifford sobre teologia na Escócia。 Por elas， Sagan derrama seu incrível intelecto na análise do sagrado em meio ao cosmos， trazendo para a mesa discussões sobre a formação do universo， a vida em outros planetas e a impossibilidade， ao seu ver， de um universo criacionista。 "Cada um de nós é， sob uma perspectiva cósmica， precioso。 Se um humano discorda de você， deixe-o viver。 Em cem bilhões de galáxias， você não vai achar outro como ele"Com uma reverência a beleza da ciência e do universo， Carl Sagan é， para mim， o mais religioso de todos os ateus。 Suas crenças moldaram as minhas e， a isso e a ele， eu sempre serei grato。 Leia Sagan！[O livro possui versão em português: 'Variedades da Experiência Científica' pela Companhia das Letras] 。。。more
Tamara
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Four stars for being able to understand the read。 I liked the book。 I see what Sagan is saying。 I remember Sagan's popularity in the 80s with his Extraterrestrial theories。 I remember thinking he's interesting but a little heavy in imagination。 I was young。 Since then I've gotten into physics and see the possibilities。 I am older now。 But this book is about "A personal view of the search for God。" And there， I am at my oldest。 This book is very compelling。 Sagan separates God and Religion。 I'm r Four stars for being able to understand the read。 I liked the book。 I see what Sagan is saying。 I remember Sagan's popularity in the 80s with his Extraterrestrial theories。 I remember thinking he's interesting but a little heavy in imagination。 I was young。 Since then I've gotten into physics and see the possibilities。 I am older now。 But this book is about "A personal view of the search for God。" And there， I am at my oldest。 This book is very compelling。 Sagan separates God and Religion。 I'm relieved that he does this。 If he didn't I'd throw him out with the bath water too。 His argument for no God is， prove there is a God。 Snarky， but ok。 How？ Like with science？ What if science is incomplete， in flux， metaphysical？ His argument against religion is; Dogma proves nothing。 Well， maybe。 Some philosophers disagree， while others agree completely。 Both arguments are valid。 It's a human dilemma。 It is my experience that God is a topic of Faith due to the scope of God。 Sagan is a man of Science。 His theories on the extraterrestrial are an issue of Faith under the same principles。 This is why I took the fifth star from the rating。 I find Sagan contradictory when in the realm of scientific unknowns， like space。 He relies on theories at some point。 So do Religions。 Questioner: And he [Newton] put that down to God。CS: Which he called God。 That's right。Questioner: Thank you。CS: But which is very different from the traditional kind of God。 （Pg。240）Good point。"Who created God？" We may ask。"God。" "Who created that God？""God。""Who created that God？""God。"On and on and on until we reach the Plato's First Mover in the Forms （God）; even if it looks like Chaos， but is not。 Spinoza would agree。 Sagan would probably not。 All-and-all I recommend everyone seeking answers to the unknown universe to consider reading this book。 It will be well worth your time。 。。。more
David Burns
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What an amazing book。 Sagan left us a wealth of knowledge and I have been remiss in not reading more from this man。 Everything about this book is fun， interesting， encouraging and memorable。 Need I say more， if you looked far enough to find this posting， you are wondering if you should read this book。 May I say that you should。 Enjoy it deeply！
Natalie
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